e-Filing a return using a pay stub instead of a W2, Forms 1099-R, or W2-G

No, the IRS requires that all source documents must be received and entered on the return before it may be transmitted/submitted.

From IRS e-file Providers Prohibited From Transmitting Returns Prior to Receiving Forms W-2, W-2G or 1099-R:

"Authorized IRS e-file Providers are prohibited from submitting electronic returns to the IRS prior to the receipt of all Forms W-2, W-2G, and 1099-R from the taxpayer.

If the taxpayer is unable to secure and provide a correct Form W-2, W-2G, or 1099-R, the return may be electronically filed after Form 4852, Substitute for Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement, or Form 1099-R, Distributions From Pensions, Annuities, Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans, IRAs, Insurance Contracts, etc. is completed in accordance with the use of that form. This is the only time information from Pay stubs or Leave and Earning Statements (LES) is allowed.

The IRS monitors Authorized IRS e-file Providers for compliance with the Revenue Procedure 2007-40 and IRS e-file rules and requirements. Monitoring visits will be conducted to investigate complaints and to ensure compliance.

Violations of IRS e-file requirements may result in warning or sanctioning an Authorized IRS e-file Provider. Sanctioning may be a written reprimand, suspension or expulsion from participation from IRS e-file, or other sanctions, depending on the seriousness of the infraction. The IRS categorizes the seriousness of infractions as Level One, Level Two, and Level Three. Providers may appeal sanctions through the Administrative Review Process. Un-reversed suspensions make Authorized IRS e-file Providers ineligible to participate in IRS e-file for a period of either one or two years from the effective date of the sanction.

References:

Chapter 3 "Submitting the Electronic Return to the IRS" Publication 1345

Sanctioning in Publication 3112